Many people think of nail biting as a nervous habit, but the driving force may not be anxiety. Accumulating evidence shows that people who keep bite their nails, picking their skin or pulling their hair are often perfectionists, and their actions may help soothe boredom, irritation(恼怒) and dissatisfaction.As many as one in 20 people suffer from body-focused repetitive disorders, engaging in behaviors such as biting their nails or plucking out hair until they damage their appearance or cause themselves pain. These disorders are distantly related to obsessive-compulsive disorder(强迫症).A new study in England adds evidence to a theory that perfectionism, rather than anxiety, is at the root of these behaviors. The researchers first surveyed 48 participants, half of whom scored as organizational perfectionists, showing a tendency to overplan, overwork themselves and get frustrated quickly without high levels of performance.Researchers then put the participants in situations designed to provoke four different emotions: to incite(激发) stress, they showed a movie of a plane crash; to promote relaxation, they showed a movie of waves; to elicit(引发) frustration, they presented a difficult puzzle but said it was easy; and to evoke (引起) boredom, they made participants sit in a room alone. People who were perfectionists engaged in the body-focused behaviors during all the situations except the relaxing movie.The work indicates that stress is far from the only cause of these compulsions. Boredom and frustration may be more important triggers. Past research suggests that the biting or scratching indeed makes people feel better temporarily——perhaps satisfying the perfectionist urge to be doing something rather than nothing. After the initial relief, however, comes pain, shame and embarrassment.The findings could help therapists treat patients who suffer from the disorders; studies have shown that these types of perfectionist beliefs and behaviors can be eased with cognitive-behavior therapy. If patients can learn to think and act differently when tension builds, they may be able to stop the urge before it starts.Which statement is true about body-focused repetitive disorders?A. This condition mainly affects perfectionists when they feel anxious.B. Nail biting and hair plucking are frequently associated with this condition.C. People who suffer from this condition intend to damage their bodies.D. This condition has a close relationship to obsessive-compulsive disorder.

1/5 Reading Comprehension(20250527) Passage One Imagine you're an alien sent to Earth to document the behaviour of the mammals inhabiting the planet. You stumble into a movie theatre that's showing the latest Hollywood horror film. Several dozen humans are gathered together in a dark, undecorated room. They're all staring at a rectangular area on which patterns of light change rapidly. They are clearly in a state of high arousal. Their heart rate is elevated, they occasionally glance around nervously, and they sometimes jump collectively in their seats, and emit high-pitched warming calls. Eventually, the lights come up and the rectangular screen goes black. The humans stand up and leave the room, chatting and laughing, and showing signs of pleasure. Why do these humans voluntarily expose themselves to what appears to be a deeply unpleasant experience? And why do they react so strongly to those patterns of light on a screen? I am fascinated with the paradox of horror-the strange fact that many people seek out scary entertainment. I think the answer to the puzzle lies in human nature. My research suggests that we humans evolved to find pleasure in situations that allow us to experience negative emotions in a safe context. You can see these elements of horror in children's games Take hide-and-scck for example, which is a simulation of a predator-prey interaction. The kid hides and the adult pretends to be a predator, scarching for the child while howing like a dangerous beast. This simulation gives the child crucial information about how to avoid becoming prey, and children tend to find that kind of activity deeply satisfying, presumably because it gives them a safe experience of a potentially catastrophic scenario. They find it pleasurable, and pleasure is evolution's way of motivating us toward adaptive behaviour. Horror is pleasurable to many people because it lets us play with negative emotions and develop coping strategies. We learn what it feels like to be truly afraid, and we learn how to handle negative emotion. How, then, does horror work? My research suggests that horror works by exploiting an ancient set of biological defence mechanisms-an evolved fear system, which we share with other animals. But humans are uniquely imaginative, and we use our evolved imagination to travel into virtual worlds that are full of danger. There are good reasons for watching a horror film, even if you're not a loyal horror fan. If you make it through the film in one piece, you'll probably experience a strong sense of mastery,a sense that you were able to make it through an appalling experience. Anyway, watching a horror film makes you better at handling your own fear, and who knows when that will become critically relevant? 46. The alien finds the audience in the movie theatre clearly in a state of A) total mindfulness C) spiritual elevation B) extreme excitement D) intense curiosity 47. Why do many people seek out scary entertainment, according to the author's research? A) They gain experience in overcoming horror in real life. B) They find joy in going through simulated horrible experiences. C) They have learned from hide-and-seek as kids the thrill involved. D) They have evolved to gain pleasure in escaping life-threatening situations. 48. What do children learn from hide-and-seek? A) How to avoid falling prey to an attacker. B) How to simulate a predator-prey interaction. C) How to keep themselves from catastrophic errors. D) How to turn a dangerous scenario into a safe one. 49. Why is horror gratifying to many people? A) It reminds them of an ancient set of biological defence mechanisms. B) It triggers their imagination to travel into dangerous virtual worlds. C) It allows them to lean what fear feels like and how to tackle it. D) It activates their evolved fear system and their unique fantasy. 50. What will one experience if they watch a horror film through without being hurt? A)A strong sense of clear relevance C)A profound sense of intense relief. B)A profound sense of good fortune. D)A strong sense of being in control.

The rise of the Internet has been one of the most transformative developments in human history，comparable in impact to the invention of the printing press and the telegraph．Over two billion people worldwide now have access to vastly more information than ever before，and can communicate with each other instantly，often using Web-connected mobile devices they carry everywhere．But the Internet's tremendous impact has only just begun．"Mass adoption of the Internet is driving one of the most exciting social，cultural，and political transformations in history，and unlike earlier periods of change，this time the effects are fully global，"Schmidt and Cohen write in their new book The New Digital Age．Perhaps the most profound changes will come when the five billion people worldwide who currently lack Internet access get online．The authors do an excellent job of examining the implications of the Internet revolution for individuals，governments，and institutions like the news media．But if the book has one major shortcoming，it's that authors don't spend enough time applying a critical eye to the role of Internet businesses in these sweeping changes．In their book，the authors provide the most authoritative volume to date that describes-and more importantly predicts-how the Internet will shape our lives in the coming decades．They paint a picture of a world in which individuals，companies，institutions，and governments must deal with two realities，one physical，and one virtual．At the core of the book is the idea that"technology is neutral，but people aren't．"By using this concept as a starting point，the authors aim to move beyond the now familiar optimist vs．pessimist dichotomy （对立观点） that has characterized many recent debates about whether the rise of the Internet will ultimately be good or bad for society．In an interview with TIME earlier this week，Cohen said although he and his co-author are optimistic about many aspects of the Internet，they're also realistic about the risks and dangers that lie ahead when the next five billion people come online，particularly with respect to personal privacy and state surveillance（监视）．28．In what way is the rise of the Internet similar to the invention of the printing press and the telegraph？ ____ A．It transforms human history．B．It revolutionizes people's thinking．C．It is adopted by all human beings．D．It makes daily communication easy．29．In what respect is the book The New Digital Age considered inadequate？ ____ A．It lacks an objective evaluation of the role of Internet businessesB．It fails to look into the social implications of the Internet．C．It fails to recognize the impact of the Internet technology．D．It does not address the technical aspects of Internet communication．30．What will the future be like when everybody gets online？ ____ A．People don't have to travel to see the world．B．People will have equal access to information．C．People will be living in two different realities．D．People don't have to communicate face to face．31．What does the passage say about the authors of The New Digital Age？ ____ A．They leave many questions unanswered concerning the Internet．B．They don't take sides in analyzing the effects of the Internet．C．They have explored the unknown territories of the virtual world．D．They are optimistic about the future of the Internet revolution．

We talk continuously about how to make children more"resilient（有恢复力的）"，but whatever were doing， it's not working． Rates of anxiety disorders and depression are rising rapidly among teenagers． What are we doing wrong？ Nassim Taleb invented the word "antifragile" and used it to describe a small but very important class of systems that gain from shocks， challenges， and disorder． The immune system is one of them： it requires exposure to certain kinds of bacteria and potential allergens（过敏源）in childhood in order to develop to its full ability． Children's social and emotional abilities are as antifragile as their immune systems． If we overprotect kids and keep them "safe" from unpleasant social situations and negative emotions we deprive（剥夺）them of the challenges and opportunities for skill-building they need to grow strong． Such children are likely to suffer more when exposed later to other unpleasant but ordinary life events， such as teasing and social rejection． It's not the kids fault． In the UK， as in the US， parents became much more fearful in the 1980s and 1990s as cable TV and later the Internet exposed everyone， more and more， to those rare occurrences of crimes and accidents that now occur less and less， Outdoor play and independent mobility went down； screen time and adult-monitored activities went up． Yet free play in which kids work out their own rules of engagement， take small risks， and learn to master small dangers turns out to be vital for the development of adult social and even physical competence， Depriving them of free play prevents their social-emotional growth． Norwegian play researchers Ellen Sandseter and Leif Kennair warned： "We may observe an increased anxiety or mental disorders in society if children are forbidden from participating in age adequate risky play．" They wrote those words in 2011． Over the following few years， their prediction came true． Kids born after 1994 are suffering from much higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression than the previous generation did． Besides， there is also a rise in the rate at which teenage girls are admitted to hospital for deliberately harming themselves． What can we do to change these trends？ How can we raise kids strong enough to handle the ordinary and extraordinary challenges of life？ We can't guarantee that giving primary school children more independence today will bring down the rate of teenage suicide tomorrow． The links between childhood overprotection and teenage mental illness are suggestive but not clear-cut． Yet there are good reasons to suspect that by depriving our naturally antifragile kids of the wide range of experiences they need to become strong， we are systematically preventing their growth． We should let go-and let them grow．（1）Why does the author mention the immune system in Paragraph 2？ ____ A． To stress its importanceB． To analyze the cause of anxietyC． To question the latest discovery．D． To help understand a new word（2）Parents overprotect children because ____ ．A． they want to keep children from being teasedB． they are concerned about their children's safetyC． parent-monitored activities are a mustD． children are not independent enough（3）According to the author， free play can ____ ．A． develop children' s leadership skillsB． strengthen children' s friendshipC． reduce children's risky behaviorD． promote children's resilience（4）Which of the following does the author probably agree with？ ____ A． Stop trying to perfect your childB． It takes great courage to raise childrenC． Prepare the child for the road， not the road for the child．D． While we try to teach our children all about life， our children teach us what life is all about．

1. Some components found in lemongrass are said to be able to help relax muscles, ___ sleep, and lower anxiety levels.A. convinceB. induceC. persuadeD. urge

There has been an undeniable shift in focus from interpersonal to digital communication after the rise of the Internet. This shift in preferences has led to a general loss of the personal connection and introduced the development of face-to-face interactions.Why interpersonal skills are still relevant and effective? Millennials are often criticized for lacking effective critical thinking and interpersonal skills. Because of this, embracing face-to-face interactions and communicating in a concise and effective manner are great ways for young professionals to stand out in the workplace.Workplaces across industries are adopting more cooperative, team-centered environments. Even if you're doing work online, you're still expected to interact with colleagues, bosses or clients to some degree. While emails and social media posts are quick and easy ways to receive and send messages to other people, face-to-face interactions help make deeper and more meaningful connections with others.Developing effective interpersonal skills is something that you can do at any point during your career. The trick is recognizing the importance of these skills and consciously working to develop them. One of the easiest habits to adopt is maintaining eye contact with the people you are speaking to. This shows the other person that you are paying attention to what they are saying and that you're not distracted by your inbox or phone. This not only makes the other person feel more valued, but also helps you better understand their message.While engaged in conversation with others, sometimes saying less is more. Most people enter conversations with the intention of interjecting their opinion whenever possible. Learning how to listen to hear rather than listen to respond can help you further comprehend what the other person is saying and also gives them the opportunity to fully develop their idea. While interpersonal and digital communication may seem to contradict each other, using them together can help you become the most effective communicator possible.What happens to face-to-face communication in the age of the Internet?

5. The boy went ___ his homework to make sure nothing was missed and then started to watch TV.A. acrossB. throughC. alongD. on

Many of the world’s most people were once successful failures. Here are the stories of a few of them. Abraham Lincoln(1809-1865) Abraham Lincoln was one of America’s greatest leaders, taking the country through the Civil War(from 1860 to 1865). However, his life was never easy. He started numerous businesses that failed, he went bankrupt twice, and was defeated in 26 campaigns for public office. He later said, “My great concern is not whether you have failed, but whether you are content with your failure.” Vincent Van Gogh(1853-1890) Van Gogh is one of the most famous and influential painters in the history of Western Art. He’s renowned for paintings such as The Starry Night. The potato Eaters and Sunflowers. However, during his lifetime, Van Gogh sold only one painting for a very small amount of money. Despite this, he carried on painting, something even going without food so he could complete his collection of over 800 known works. Albert Einstein(1879-1955) Albert Einstein won the Noble Prize in Physics in 1921. However, he wasn’t always considered a “genius”. He didn’t speak until he was four, and couldn’t read until he was seven. His teachers and parents thought he as slow, so he was expelled from school and couldn’t get into the Zurich Polytechnic School. He later famously said, “Success is failure in progress.” Stephen King(born 1947) Stephen King is one of the best-selling authors of all time, but his first book, Carrie, was rejected by about 30 publishers. Eventually, Stephen threw it in the bin, but his wife fished it out and encouraged him to resubmit it, which he did…successfully this time! 1. Which statement is true about Abraham Lincoln? A. He led the American War of Independence B. He never succeeded in his business C. He was full of courage and perseverance D. He is the greatest president of the United States 2. Who became famous all over the world after his death? A. Albert Einstein B. Vincent Van Gogh C. Albert Einstein D. Stephen King 3. What was the most likely reason for Albert Einstein’s dropping out of school? A. He was too slow to learn B. He couldn’t speak or read C. His teacher thought he was stupid D. He didn’t obey the school rules 4. What do these people have in common? A. They are all Americans B. They are known for their writings C. They were born in the same century D. They all suffered failure before they succeeded

Investigators have not determined what caused the head-on ___ of the two cargo ships. (collide)