The reenactors are busloads of tourists -usually Turkish, sometimes European. The buses blunder over the winding, indifferently paved road to the ridge and dock like dreadnoughts before a stone portal. Visitors flood out, fumbling with water bottles and MP3 players. Guides call out instructions and explanations. Paying no attention, the visitors straggle up the hill. When they reach the top, their mouths flop open with amazement, making a line of perfect cartoon O’s. Before them are dozens of massive stone pillars arranged into a set of rings, one mashed up against the next. Known as G6bekli Tepe, the site is vaguely reminiscent of Stonehenge, except that Gobekii Tepe was built much earlier and is made not from roughly hewn blocks but from cleanly carved limestone pillars splashed with bas-reliefs of animals -a cavalcade of gazelles, snakes, foxes, scorpions, and ferocious wild boars. The assemblage was built some 11,600 years ago, seven millennia before the Great Pyramid of Giza. It contains the oldest known temple. Indeed, Grbekli Tepe is the oldest known example of monumental architecture -the first structure human beings put together that was bigger and more complicated than a hut. When these pillars were erected, so far as we know, nothing of comparable scale existed in the world. At the time of G6beldi Tepe’s construction much of the human race lived in small nomadic bands that survived by foraging for plants and hunting wild animals. Construction of the site would have required more people coming together in one place than had likely occurred before. Amazingly, the temple’s builders were able to cut, shape, and transport 16ton stones hundreds of feet despite having no wheels or beasts of burden. The pilgrims who came to Gobekli Tepe lived in a world without writing, metal, or pottery; to those approaching the temple from below, its pillars must have loomed overhead like rigid giants, the animals on the stones shivering in the firelight -emissaries from a spiritual world that the human mind may have only begun to envision. Archaeologists are still excavating Gobekli Tepe and debating its meaning. What they do know is that the site is the most significant in a volley of unexpected findings that have overturned earlier ideas about our species’ deep past. Just 20 years ago most researchers believed they knew the time, place, and rough sequence of the Neolithic Revolution -the critical transition that resulted in the birth of agriculture, taking Homo sapiens from scattered groups of hunter-gatherers to farming villages and from there to technologically sophisticated societies with great temples and towers and kings and priests who directed the labor of their subjects and recorded their feats in written form. But in recent years multiple new discoveries, Gobekli Tepe preeminent among them, have begun forcing archaeologists to reconsider. At first the Neolithic Revolution was viewed as a single event -a sudden flash of genius -that occurred in a single location, Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now southern Iraq, then spread to India, Europe, and beyond. Most archaeologists believed this sudden blossoming of civilization was driven largely by environmental changes: a gradual warming as the Ice Age ended that allowed some people to begin cultivating plants and herding animals in abundance. The new research suggests that the "revolution" was actually carried out by many hands across a huge area and over thousands of years. And it may have been driven not by the environment but by something else entirely. After a moment of stunned quiet, tourists at the site busily snap pictures with cameras and cell phones. Eleven millennia ago nobody had digital imaging equipment, of course. Yet things have changed less than one might think. Most of the world’s great religious centers, past and present, have been destinations for pilgrimages -think of the Vatican, Mecca, Jerusalem, Bodh Gaya (where Buddha was enlightened), or Cahokia (the enormous Native American complex near St. Louis). They are monuments for spiritual travelers, who often came great distances, to gawk at and be stirred by. Gobekli Tepe may be the first of all of them, the beginning of a pattern. What it suggests, at least to the archaeologists working there, is that the human sense of the sacred -and the human love of a good spectacle -may have given rise to civilization itself. The pillars of Gobekli Tepe are big -the tallest are 18 feet in height and weigh 16 tons. Swarming over their surfaces is a menagerie of animal bas-reliefs, each in a different style, some roughly rendered, a few as refined and symbolic as Byzantine art. Other parts of the hill are littered with the greatest store of ancient flint tools -a Neolithic warehouse of knives, choppers, and projectile points. Even though the stone had to be lugged from neighboring valleys, there are more flints in one little area here, a square meter or two, than many archaeologists find in entire sites. The circles follow a common design. All are made from limestone pillars shaped like giant spikes or capital T’s. Bladelike, the pillars are easily five times as wide as they are deep. They stand an arm span or more apart, interconnected by low stone walls. In the middle of each ring are two taller pillars, their thin ends mounted in shallow grooves cut into the floor. The T-shaped pillars are stylized human beings, an idea bolstered by the carved arms that angle from the shoulders of some pillars, hands reaching toward their loincloth-draped bellies. The stones face the center of the circle -as at a meeting or dance -a representation, perhaps, of a religious ritual. As for the prancing, leaping animals on the figures, they are mostly deadly creatures: stinging scorpions, charging boars, ferocious lions. The figures represented by the pillars may be guarded by them, or appeasing them, or incorporating them as totems. Bewilderingly, the people at Gobekli Tepe got steadily worse at temple building. The earliest rings are the biggest and most sophisticated, technically and artistically. As time went by, the pillars became smaller, simpler, and were mounted with less and less care. Finally the effort seems to have petered out altogether by 8200 B.C. Gobekli Tepe was all fall and no rise. As important as what the researchers found was what they did not find: any sign of habitation. Hundreds of people must have been required to carve and erect the pillars, but the site had no water source -the nearest stream was about three miles away. Those workers would have needed homes, but excavations have uncovered no sign of walls, hearths, or housesnor other buildings that archaeologists have interpreted as domestic. They would have had to be fed, but there is also no trace of agriculture. It was purely a ceremonial center. If anyone ever lived at this site, they were less its residents than its staff. To judge by the thousands of gazelle and aurochs bones found at the site, the workers seem to have been fed by constant shipments of game, brought from faraway hunts. All of this complex endeavor must have had organizers and overseers, but there is as yet no good evidence of a social hierarchy -no living area reserved for richer people, no tombs filled with elite goods, no sign of some people having better diets than others. Over time, the need to acquire sufficient food for those who worked and gathered for ceremonies at G6bekli Tepe may have led to the intensive cultivation of wild cereals and the creation of some of the first domestic strains. Indeed, scientists now believe that one center of agriculture arose in southern Turkey -well within trekking distance of Gobekli Tepe -at exactly the time the temple was at its height. Today the closest known wild ancestors of modern einkorn wheat are found on the slopes of Karaca Dag, a mountain just 60 miles northeast of Gobekli Tepe. Further research on Gobekli Tepe may change the current understanding of the site’s importance. Even its age is not clear -archaeologists are not certain they have reached the bottom layer. Two new mysteries come up for every one that has been solved. Twenty years ago everyone believed civilization was driven by ecological forces. Now Gobekli Tepe proves that civilization is a product of the human mind.According to the passage, the Gobekli Tepe site’s real importance is (). A. to prove that civilization is pushed forward not by environment but by agriculture B. Gobekli Tepe has overturned earlier ideas about our species’ deep past C. in ancient times, there was no good evidence of a social hierarchy D. the earliest rings are the biggest and most sophisticated, technically and artistically

Ludwig van Beethoven (baptized December 17, 1770 – March 26, 1827) was a German composer of classical music, who lived predominantly in Vienna, Austria. Beethoven is widely regarded as one of history's supreme composers, and he produced notable works even after losing his hearing. He was one of the greatest figures in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in music. His reputation has inspired — and in many cases intimidated — composers, musicians, and audiences who were to come after him. Among his most widely-recognized works are his Third, Fifth, Sixth and Ninth symphonies (the latter containing the "Ode to Joy"); Piano Concerto No. 5 ("Emperor"); a Violin Concerto; the Pathétique, Moonlight, Appassionata, and Hammerklavier piano sonatas; and the bagatelle Für Elise For more details on this topic, see Life and work of Ludwig van Beethoven. Beethoven was born at 515 Bongasse, Bonn, Germany, to Johann van Beethoven (1740–1792); and Magdalena Keverich van Beethoven (1744–1787) in 1770. Many reference works show 16 December as Beethoven's date of birth, since he was baptized on 17 December and children at that time were generally baptized the day after their birth.Beethoven's first music teacher was his father, a musician in the Electoral court at Bonn and an alcoholic who beat him and unsuccessfully attempted to exhibit him as a child prodigy like Mozart. However, others soon noticed Beethoven's talent. In 1787 young Beethoven went to Vienna for the first time. While in Vienna he played songs for Mozart. Mozart was very impressed with Beethoven's performance. He was given instruction and employment by Christian Gottlob Neefe, as well as financial sponsorship by the Prince-Elector. Beethoven's mother died when he was 17, and for several years he was responsible for raising his two younger brothers.

24.(判断题,4.0分) The Association of American Colleges and Universities recently launched the LEAP Employer-Educator Compact to make the qualif of college learning a national priority as employers seek college graduates with a broader set of skills and knowledge. Statement: The Association of American Colleges and Universities(AAC&U) recently introduced the LEAP Employer-Educator Compact, an initiative aimed at elevating the quality of higher education to a national top priority. This effort doesn't consider employers'growing demand for graduates with well-rounded skills and knowledge. A _对 B 错

翻译题（英译汉）Thank you very much for all the information.

三、 阅读理解（共 4 题）12. Some people will do just about anything to save money. And I am one of them. Take myfamily’s last vacation. It was my six-year-old son’s winter break form school, and we wereheading home from Fort Lauderdale after a week-long trip. The flight was overbooked, and Delta,the airline, offered us400 per person in creditsto give upour seatsand leave the next day .I had meetings in New York ,so I had to get back . But that didn' t mean my husband and my son couldn' t stay.I took my nine −month−old and took off for home .The next day ,my husband and son were offered more credits totake an even later flight. Yes, I encouraged — okay , ordered — themtowait it out at the airport , to earn more Delta Dollars . Our total take :1,600. Not bad, huh?Now some people may think I'm a bad mother and not such a great wife either. But as a big-time bargain hunter, I know the value of a dollar. And these days, a good deal is somethingfew of us can afford to pass up.I've made a living looking for the best deals and exposing （揭露） the worst tricks. I havebeen the consumer reporter of NBC's Today show for over a decade. I have written a couple ofbooks including one titled Tricks of the Trade: A Consumer Survival Guide. And I really dowhat I believe in.I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your money’s worth. I’m also tightfistedwhen it comes to shoes, clothes for my children, and expensive restaurants. But I wouldn'thesitate to spend on a good haircut. It keeps its shape longer, and it's the first thing peoplenotice. And I will also spend on a classic piece of furniture. Quality lasts.【1】Why did Delta give the author's family credits?A. They had early bookings. B. They took a later flight.C. Their flight had been delayed. D. Their flight had been cancelled.【2】What can we learn about the author?A. She is interested in cheap products. B. She seldom makes a compromise（折衷）.C. She is very strict with her children. D. She rarely misses a good deal.【3】What does the author do?A. She's a teacher. B. She's a housewife.C. She's a businesswoman. D. She's a media person.【4】What does the author want to tell us?A. How to spend money wisely. B. How to reserve airline seats.C. How to expose bad tricks. D. How to make a business deal. 13. It is hardly surprising that clothing manufacturers(生产商) follow certain uniform standardsfor different features of clothes. What seems strange, however, is that the standard used for womenis the opposite of the one for men. Take a look at the way your clothes button. Men’s clothes tendto button from the right, and women’s from the left. Considering most of the world’s population---men and women---are right-handed, the men’s standard would appear to make more sense（更有道理）for women. So why do women’s clothes button from the left?History really seems to matter here. Buttons first appeared only on the clothes of the rich inthe 17th century, when rich women were dressed by servants. For the mostly right-handedservants, having women’s shirts button from the left would be easier. On the other hand,having men’s shirts button from the right made sense, too. Most men dressed themselves, anda sword（剑）drawn from the left with the right hand would be less likely to get caught in theshirt.Today women are seldom dressed by servants, but buttoning from the left is still the standardfor them. Is it interesting? Actually, a standard, once it is set, resists change. At a time whenall women’s shirts buttoned from the left, it would have been risky for any singlemanufacturer to offer women’s shirts that buttoned from the right. After all, women had grownso used to shirts which buttoned from the left and would have to develop new habits and skillsto switch. Besides, some women might have found it socially awkward to appear in publicwearing shirts that buttoned from the right, since anyone who noticed that would believe theywere wearing men’s shirts.【1】What is surprising about the standard of the clothing industry?A.It has been followed by the industry for over 400 years.B.It is different for men’s clothing and women’s.C.It woks better with men than with women.D.It fails to consider right-handed people.【2】What do we know about the rich men in the 17th century?A.They tended to wear clothes without buttons.B.They drew their swords from the left.C.They were mostly dressed by servants.D.They were interested in the historical matters.【3】Women’s clothes still button from the left today because .A.customs are hard to changeB.manufacturers should follow standardsC.modern women dress themselvesD.using men’s style is improper for women【4】The passage is mainly developed by .A.analyzing causes B.making comparisonsC.examining differences D.following the time order 14. Far from the land of Antarctica (南极洲), a huge shelf of ice meets the ocean. At the undersideof the shelf there lives a small fish, the Antarctic cod.For forty years scientists have been curious about that fish. How does it live where most fishwould freeze to death? It must have some secret. The Antarctic is not a comfortable place towork and research has been slow. Now it seems we have an answer.Research was begun by cutting holes in the ice and catching the fish. Scientists studied thefish’s blood and measured its freezing point.The fish were taken from seawater that had a temperature of -1.88°C and many tiny pieces ofice floating in it. The blood of the fish did not begin to freeze until its temperature waslowered to-2.05°C. That small difference is enough for the fish to live at the freezing temperature of theice-salt mixture.The scientists’ next research job was clear: Find out what in the fish’s blood kept it fromfreezing. Their search led to some really strange thing made up of a protein ( 蛋白质) neverbefore seen in the blood of a fish. Whenitwas removed, the blood froze at seawatertemperature. When it was put back, the blood again had its antifreeze quality and a loweredfreezing point.Study showed that it is an unusual kind of protein. It has many small sugar molecules （分子）held in special positions within each big protein molecule. Because of its sugar content, itis called aglycoprotein. So it has come to be called the antifreeze fish glycoprotein, or AFGP.【1】What is the text mainly about?A.The terrible conditions in the Antarctic.B.A special fish living in freezing waters.C.The ice shelf around Antarctica.D.Protection of the Antarctic cod.【2】Why can the Antarctic cod live at the freezing temperature?A. special protein keeps it from freezing.B.It loves to live in the ice-salt mixtureC.The seawater has a temperature of -1.88°C.D.Its blood has a temperature lower than -2.05°C.【3】What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to?A. type of ice-salt mixture. B.Sugar molecule.C.Fish blood. D.A newly found protein.【4】What does “glyco-” in the underlined word “glycoprotein” in the last paragraph mean?A.ice B.sugarC.blood D.molecule 15. I know what you’re thinking: pizza? For breakfast? But the truth is that you can have lastnight’sleftoversin the a. m. if you want to.I know lots of women who skip breakfast, and they have a ton of different excuses for doing it. Some say they don’t have time. others think they’re “saving” calories, still others just don’tlike breakfast food .But the bottom line is that eating in the morning is very important when you’re trying to loseweight. “Eating just about anything from 300 to 400 calories would be better than nothing atall,” says Katherine Brooking, R., D., who developed the super-easy eating plan for this year’s“SELF CHALLENGE”. And even pizza can be healthy if it’s loaded with vegetables, and youstick to one small piece.Breakfast is one meal I never miss, and the same goes for most weight loss success stories.Research shows that eating breakfast keeps you from overeating later in the day. Researchersat the University of Southern California found that breakfast skippers have a bigger chance ofgaining weight than those who regularly have a morning meal.So eat something in the morning, anything. I know plenty of friends who end up having nobreakfast at all, and have just coffee or orange juice. I say, try heating up last night’sleftovers---it may sound crazy, but if it works for you, do it! I find if I tell myself, “You canalways eat it tomorrow,” I put away the leftovers instead of eating more that night. Try it…you may save yourself some pre-bedtime calories. And watch your body gain the fat-burningeffects.【1】What can we infer from the text?A.Working women usually have breakfast in a hurry.B.Many people have wrong ideas about breakfast.C.There are some easy ways of cooking a meal.D.Eating vegetables helps save energy.【2】According to the last paragraph, it is important to____________.A.eat something for breakfast B.be careful about what you eatC.heat up food before eating it D.eat calorie-controlled food【3】The text is written mainly for those_____________.A.who go to work early B.who stay up lateC.who want to lose weight D.who eat before sleep

People often ask which is the most difficult language to learn， and it is not easy to answer because there are too many factors to take into consideration． Firstly， in a first language the differences are unimportant as people learn their mother tongue naturally， so the question of how hard a language is to learn only makes more sense when learning a second language． A native speaker of Spanish， for example， will find Portuguese much easier to learn than a native speaker of Chinese， for example， because Portuguese is very similar to Spanish， while Chinese is very different， so first language can affect learning a second language． The greater the differences between the second language and our first， the harder it will be for most people to learn． Many people answer that Chinese is the hardest language to learn， possibly influenced by the thought of learning the Chinese writing system， and the pronunciation of Chinese does appear to be very difficult for many foreign learners． However， for Japanese speakers， who already use Chinese characters in their own language， learning writing will be less difficult than for speakers of languages using the Roman alphabet． Some people seem to learn languages easily， while others find it very difficult． Teachers and the circumstances in which the language is learned also play an important role， as well as each learner's motivation for learning． If people learn a language because they need to use it professionally， they often learn it faster than people studying a language that has no direct use in their day to day life． Obviously ， British diplomats and other embassy staff have found that the second hardest language is Japanese， which will probably come as no surprise to many， but the language that they have found to be the most problematic is Hungarian， which uses a similar alphabet to English but has 35 cases （forms of a nouns according to whether it is subject， object， genitive， etc）． This does not mean that Hungarian is the hardest language to learn for everyone， but it causes British diplomatic personnel， who are generally used to learning languages， the most difficulty． However， Tabassaran， a Caucasian language has 48 cases， so it might cause more difficulty if British diplomats had to learn it． Different cultures and individuals from those cultures will find different languages more difficult． Therefore， it is impossible to say that there is one language that is the most difficult language in the world．（1）What can we infer from the first paragraph？ ____ A． The question of how hard a language is to learn is only applicable to first language acquisitionB． The question of how hard a language is to learn is only applicable to second language acquisitionC． The question of how hard a language is to learn is applicable to both first and second language acquisition．D． There are too many languages in the world so it's difficult to say which one is the most difficult to learn．（2）Which language will a native Portuguese speaker probably find easier to learn？ ____ A． Chinese ， because Portuguese use Chinese characters in their own language．B． Japanese ， because it is similar to their own language．C． Spanish ， because it also uses Roman alphabet．D． Any one but Chinese， because its pronunciation is very difficult．（3）What does the underlined word mean in Paragraph3？ ____ A． A particular situation or environment．B． The degree of education that somebody has obtainedC． Teachers' encouragement．D． Professional training．（4）The author is most likely to agree ____ A． Not Hungarian's writing system but its grammatical complexity causes problems for native British speakers．B． Tabassaran is the hardest language to learn in the world for native European speakers．C． Many British diplomats learn Tabassaran．D． Learning a different writing system is easy．

People often ask which is the most difficult language to learn, and it is not easy to answer because there are many factors to take into consideration. Firstly, in a first language, the differences are unimportant as people learn their mother tongue naturally, so the question of how hard a language is to learn is only relevant when learning a second language. Why is it hard to say which language is the most difficult to learn? A. Because people learn their mother tongue naturally.B. Because the writing system of each language is unique, leading to varying levels of difficulty.C. Because it is only relevant when learning a second language.D. Because many factors have to be considered.

The scenic spot, located in _______ is twenty kilometers away from the city，attracts thousands of visitors every year. A. which B. where C. what D. that

51. (10.0分) Jiaozi: The Taste of Home For most Chinese families, jiaozi, or Chinese dumplings, are an essential part of the celebration of Chinese New Year, and this tradition can likely be traced underline(1)(A.before B. after C. onto D.back) to the Ming Dynasty. However, to simply describe dumplings underline(2)(A.as B. of C.into D.off ) a 第1小题 第2小题 第3小题 第4小题 A before B after C onto

People often ask which is the most difficult language to learn, and it is not easy to answer because there are many factors to take into consideration. Firstly, in a first language, the differences are unimportant as people learn their mother tongue naturally, so the question of how hard a language is to learn is only relevant when learning a second language.A native speaker of Spanish, for example, will find Portuguese much easier to learn than a native speaker of Chinese, because Portuguese is quite similar to Spanish, while Chinese is very different. The greater the difference between the second language and our first, the harder it will generally be for people to learn it. Many people answer that Chinese is the hardest language to learn, possibly influenced by the thought of learning the Chinese writing system, which appear to be very difficult for many foreign learners. However, for Japanese speakers, who already use Chinese characters in their own language, learning writing will be less difficult than for speakers of languages using the Roman alphabet.Why do many people think Chinese is the hardest language to learn?A Because Chinese is inherently more difficult than any other language.B Because Chinese uses the Roman alphabet.C Because the grammar of Chinese is complex.D Because many foreigners think Chinese characters are difficult to learn.