Scientific publishing has long been a license to print money.Scientists need journals in which to publish their research，so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.Other scientists perform the specialized work of peer review also for free，because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge. With the content of papers secured for free，the publisher needs only find a market for its journal.Until this century，university libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations，at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis. The Dutch giant Elsevier，which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world ，made profits of more than £900 m last year，while UK universities alone spent more than £210 m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research；both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them. The most drastic，and thoroughly illegal，reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub，a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers，set up in 2012，which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015.The success of Sci-Hub，which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed，shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants. In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful.More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms：either freely available from the moment of publication，or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release. Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article.These range from around ￡500 to ﹩5，000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet：labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status，while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases，we need a rebalancing of power.（1）Scientific publishing is seen as "a license to print money" partly because ____ A．its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.B．its marketing strategy has been successful.C．its payment for peer review is reduced.D．its content acquisition costs nothing.（2）Which statement is true from Paragraphs 2 to 4？ ____ A．Scientific publisher Elsevier have thrived mainly on university libraries.B．Most scientific publishers gone through an existential crisis until this century.C．Sci-Hub offers free access to paywalled articles published since 2015.D．The researchers' legally-accessed copies deny the legal ecosystem legitimacy.（3）It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms ____ A．allow publishers some room to make money.B．render publishing much easier for scientists.C．reduce the cost of publication substantially.D．free universities from financial burdens.（4）Which of the following characteristics the scientific publishing model？ ____ A．Trial subscription is offered.B．Labour triumphs over status.C．Costs are well controlled.D．The few feed on the many.

阅读理解AThe standardized educational or psychological tests, which are widely used to aid in selecting, assigning or promoting students, employees and military personnel, have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for, in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or inpetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always inplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context: they provide a quick, objective method of getting some kind of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning parative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined ( for example, ability to do well in a particular course of training program ) and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined, for example, personality or creativity. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting parable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized.26. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with _________.A. the necessity of standardized testsB. the validity of standardized testsC. the method used in interpreting the results of standardized tests.D. the theoretical grounds of standardized tests.27. We can infer from the passage that _______.A. standardized tests should no longer be used.B. results of standardized tests accurately reflect the abilities of the testeesC. the value of standardized tests lies in their proper interpretationD. special methods must be applied to the result of standardized tests.28. The word “empirical〞 (Line 6, Para.3) most probably means “ ___________〞A. Theoretical B. Critical C. Indisputable D. experiential29.According to the passage, standardized tests work work most effectively when ____________.A. the user knows how to interpret the results in advance.B. the objectives are most clearly defined.C. the persons who take the test are intelligent or skillful.D. they measure the traits or qualities of the tests30. The author’s attitude toward standardized tests could be described as _______.A. Positive B. Critical C. Prejudiced D. indifferent.BThe Norwegian Government is doing its best to keep the oil industry under control. A new law limits exploration to an area south of the southern end of the long coastline; production limits have been laid down (though these have already been raised); and oil panies have not been allowed to employ more than a limited number of foreign workers. But the oil industry has a way of getting over such problems, and few people believe that the Government will be able to hold things back for long. As on Norwegian politician said last week: “We will soon be changed beyond all recognition.〞Ever since the war, the Government has been carrying out a programme of development in the area north of the Arctic Circle. During the past few years this programme has had a great deal of success: Tromso has been built up into a local capital with a university, a large hospital and a healthy industry. But the oil industry has already started to draw people south, and within a few years the whole northern policy could be in ruins.The effects of the oil industry would not be limited to the north, however. With nearly 100 percent employment, everyone can see a situation developing in which the service industries and the tourist industry will lose more of their workers to the oil industry. Some smaller industries might even disappear altogether when it bees cheaper to buy goods from abroad.The real argument over oil is its threat to the Norwegian way of life. Farmers and fishermen do not make up most of the population, but they are an important part of it, because Norwegians see in them many of the qualities that they regard with pride as essentially Norwegian. And it is the farmers and the fishermen who are most critical of the oil industry because of the damage that it might cause to the countryside and to the sea.31.The Norwegian Government would prefer the oil industry to.A.provide more jobs for foreign workers.B.slow down the rate of its development.C.sell the oil it is producing abroad.D.develop more quickly than at present.32.The Norwegian Government has tried to.A.encourage the oil panies to discover new oil sources.B.prevent oil panies employing people from northern Norway.C.help the oil panies solve many of their problems.D.keep the oil industry to something near its present size.33.According to the passage, the oil industry might lead northern Norway to.A.the development of industry.B.a growth in population.C.the failure of the development programme.D.the development of new towns.34.In the south, one effect to the development of the oil industry might be.A.a large reduction on unemployment.B.a growth in the tourist industry.C.a reduction in the number of existing industries.D.the development of a number of service industries.35.Norwegian farmers and fishermen have an important influence because.A.they form such a large part of Norwegian ideal.B.their lives and values represent the Norwegian ideal.C.their work is so useful to the rest of Norwegian society.D.they regard oil as a threat to the Norwegian way of life.CThe largest earthquake ( magnitude里氏 9.5) of the 20th century haooened on May 22, 1960 off the coast of South Central Chile.It generated(生成) one of the most destructive Pacific-wide tsunamis(海啸). Near the generating area, both the earthquake and the tsunami were very much destructive, particularly in the coastal area from Concepcion to the south end of Isla Chiloe. The largest tsunami damage occurred at Isla Chiloe---the coastal area closest to the epicenter(震中). Huge tsunami waves measuring as high as 25 meters arrived within 10 to 15 minutes after the earthquake, killing at least two hundred people, sinking all the boats, and flooding half a kilometer inland.There was large damage and loss of life at Concepcion, Chile's top industrial city. Near the city of Valdivia, the earthquake and following aftershocks generated landslides which killed 18 people. At the port city of Valparaiso, a city of 200,000, many buildings collapsed. A total of 130,000 houses were destroyed --- one in every three in the earthquake zone and nearly 2,000,000 people were left homeless.Total damage losses, including to agriculture and to industry, were estimated(估计) to be over a half billion dollars . The total number of death related with both the tsunami and the earthquake was never found accurately for the region. Estimates of deaths reached between 490 to 5,7002 with no distinction(差异) as to how many deaths were caused by the earthquake and how many were caused by the tsunami. However, it is believed that most of the deaths in Chile were caused by the tsunami.36. Where did the largest tsunami damage occurred?A. Concepcion B. Isla Chiloe C. Valdivia D. Valparaiso37. What can we learn about the tsunami waves generated by the earthquake?A. The tsunami waves as high as 25 meters arrived immediately after the earthquake.B. The tsunami waves killed 200 people and sank all boats.C. The tsunami waves were very destructive.D. The tsunami waves flooded half of the inland.38. What is generally thought the main cause of deaths in Chile?A. landslides B. the tsunamiC. aftershocks D. the magnitude 9.5 earthquake39. What is the total number of deaths in the earthquake?A. 2,000,000 B. between 490 to 5,7002C. 200,000 D. it was hard to know.40. What does the underlined word “collapsed〞 probably mean ?A. was destroyed B. caught fireC. was flooded D. sank

—What's the matter? —The shoes don't fit properly. They __________ my feet.A. are hurtingB. will hurtC. have hurtD. are hurt

The Sheraton couldn't offer            for all four of us.A. a large enough roomB. a large room enoughC. enoughD. goddess

1.单选题 She disagrees ( ) him ( ) everything.A. with, onB. /, onC. with, atD. on, with

Television is the most effective brainwashing medium ever invented by man. Advertisers know this to be【C1】______. Children are affected by television in【C2】______we scarcely understand. In the fall of 1971, I was assigned a story【C3】______a young white woman living on the fringe of Boston's black ghetto. Her car had【C4】______out of gas. She had gone to a filling station【C5】______a can and was returning to her car【C6】______she was trapped in an alley by a gang of black youths. The gang【C7】______gasoline over her and set fire to her. She died【C8】______her burns. It was later established【C9】______some of the youths involved had, on the night before the killing,【C10】______on television of return of an old movie in which a drifter is【C11】______on fire by an adolescent gang. There is some kind of strange reductive process at work here. To see something on television robs it【C12】______reality, and then when the【C13】______thing is acted oat it is like the reenactment of something unreal. In【C14】______words, when the gang set fire to the girl, they were imitating【C15】______they had seen on a screen , as if they【C16】______were on a screen, and in a story, I don't think we have【C17】______begun to realize how powerful a【C18】______television is. It has already【C19】______very clear that the candidate with the most television appeal【C20】______the election. 【C1】 A．true B．truth C．real D．reality

Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist. This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or – independently of any course – simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture. We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it. That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far form being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally. We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living. 【小题1】According to the passage, ‘scientific subculture’ means [A] cultural groups that are formed by scientists. people whose knowledge of science is very limited. [C] the scientific community. [D] people who make good contribution to science. 【小题2】We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because [A] it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate scientists. Science affects almost every aspect of our life. [C] Scientists live in a specific subculture. [D] It is easier to understand general characteristics of science. 【小题3】The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who [A] are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science. are good at producing various gadgets. [C] work in a storehouse of dried facts. [D] want to have a superficial understanding of science. 【小题4】According to this passage, [A] English is a sexist language. only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly. [C] women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language. [D] male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists. 【小题5】This passage most probably is [A] a book review. the preface of a book. [C] the postscript of a book. [D] the concluding part of a book. Vocabulary subculture 亚文化群（指在一个社会或一种文化内具有独特性的一群人） superficial 肤浅的，浅薄的，表面的 lay person 外行，门外汉，俗人 musty 发毒的，老朽的，陈腐的 gadget 小玩意儿，小配件，新发明 pervasive 渗透的，弥漫的，遍布的 populate 居住于……中，在……中占一席之地 implicit 含蓄的，内含的 unspecified 未特别提出的 offset 抵消，补偿 难句译注 An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist. 【参考译文】如果一个人知道那些使科学家激动不已和灰心丧气的东西，那就比较容易了解科学的一般（普遍）特征以及特殊科学概念。 We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitude and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are and what they do. 【参考译文】我们希望这本书能引导读者对科学观念有一个更为广阔的透视；对什么是科学、科学家是些什么人以及他们在干什么有一个更为现实的观点。 In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture. 【参考译文】另外，读者可学会正确评价科学观点与我们文化中无处不在的某些价值观和哲学思想之间的关系。 This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. 【参考译文】科学亚文化群中妇女作用越来越大。这不是难得一见的意外事件，而是，确切地说，在社会各部门显著潮流的一部分由于越来越多妇女进入了传统上为男子统治的领域并作出了重大的贡献。 This policy is far from being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgement of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of human race equally. 【参考译文】这一策略并不理想，但它至少承认了一个事实，那就是在平等对待人类另一半上，我们的语言功能还不全。 写作方法与文章大意 这是一篇书的序言，作者用夹叙夹议的写作方法介绍了书的涉及面及其功能。 首先提出科学是我们文化的重大主题，但人们也该了解科学家生活的亚文化群，只有懂得一些激励和挫伤科学家的种种情况，才能理解科学的一般特征及其特殊概念。 第二方面指出书的读者对象是对科学一知半解的学生及门外汉。书可作理工科课程的辅助（补充）读物，又可独立自成体系。它可开阔人们科学的视野，真正了解科学、科学家及其工作，理解科学和文化的关系，科学观点和哲学的关系。 第三方面指出亚文化群中妇女增多，贡献巨大，而我们的语言却隐含这性别的歧视，难以充分平等地反映妇女。 最后指出书信息量大又具娱乐性，寓教于乐。

Why some youngsters approach food as an adventure and others insist on mono-meals of macaroni (通心粉) cheese? It turns out kids' tastes for food don't happen by accident. Studies show that children prefer the flavors they experience early on, including while they're in the womb (子宫). A doctor is drawing on that research to help get more pregnant and nursing women to eat healthy and varied diets because doing so will make their babies tend to eat what's good for them. According to Alan Greene, a professor on children health at Stanford University and the author of the new Feeding Baby Green, children can acquire what he calls nutritional intelligence, which will help them choose healthy food later in life. And this intelligence springs from food impress, which begins during pregnancy. "How a child learns to eat is one of the most important health issues in this country," he says, "It's learned behavior." In his book, Greene paints a vivid picture of the budding foodie. A fetus (胎儿) in the second and third month has highly sensitive taste buds that get to experience whatever mom is eating. Fetuses remember flavors from this time in the womb and seek them out after birth. This process explains why adopted infants, when swept off to a new culture, years later prefer their native foods even though they may never have actually eaten them in the conventional sense. A study published last year in a scientific journal revealed the long-term effect of food impress. In the experiment, half of the pregnant and nursing animals were given a balanced diet of healthy foods. The other half ate some healthy food, as well as a large amount of items filled with sugar, salt and fat. Scientists found that offspring of the animals who had eaten only healthy items tended to choose those same healthy items when they became adults. They were also significantly more likely to have normal weight, blood sugar, etc. compared with the junk-food-eaters' offspring, who made less healthy choices as adults and were significantly more likely to be fat.1. To shape her baby a healthy food habit, a pregnant woman should ________.A) learn to eat green food onlyB) make a balanced food choice C) get rid of her own food preferenceD) promote her nutritional intelligence2. Prof. Greene's research is to find out ________.A) the differences between youngsters and children's food preferencesB) the differences between food impress and nutritional intelligenceC) whether food preference is acquired by nature or learned behaviorD) whether mothers' food habit during pregnancy has influence on their kids' food preference 3. The expression "budding foodie" (Para. 3) can be best replaced by ________.A) growing eater B) new food choiceC) increasing appetiteD) developing preference4. The animal experiment mentioned in the last two paragraphs can prove that ________.A) animals have the same food preference as human beings doB) animals tend to choose healthy food when they become adultsC) animals have much longer food impress effect than human beings doD) animals will experience similar influence of food choice as human beings do 5. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.A) fetus will have a vivid picture of what their mother once eatB) the nutritional intelligence can only be acquired in one's childhoodC) a healthy diet should contain no large amount of sugar, salt and fat D) adopted children will not develop their preference for their local food

The return on the money we_was very low . A grippedB invested C catered D set