若 y_1, y_2 是方程 y' + P(x)y = Q(x) (Q(x)neq 0)的两个特解,要使 alpha y_1 + beta y_2 也是解,则 alpha 与 beta 应满足的关系是A. alpha + beta = (1)/(2)B. alpha + beta = 1C. alpha beta = 0D. alpha = beta = (1)/(2)
A. $\alpha + \beta = \frac{1}{2}$
B. $\alpha + \beta = 1$
C. $\alpha \beta = 0$
D. $\alpha = \beta = \frac{1}{2}$
题目解答
答案
解析
本题考查一阶线性非齐次微分方程解的性质。解题思路是先根据已知条件得到$y_1,y_2$满足的方程,再将$\alpha y_1 + \beta y_2$代入原方程,通过化简得出$\alpha$与$\beta$应满足的关系。
已知$y_1,y_2$是方程$y' + P(x)y = Q(x)$($Q(x)\neq 0$)的两个特解,则有:
$y_1'+P(x)y_1 = Q(x)\quad(1)$
$y_2'+P(x)y_2 = Q(x)\quad(2)$
因为$\alpha y_1 + \beta y_2$也是方程$y' + P(x)y = Q(x)$的解,所以将$y = \alpha y_1 + \beta y_2$代入原方程可得:
$(\alpha y_1 + \beta y_2)'+P(x)(\alpha y_1 + \beta y_2) = Q(x)$
根据求导的加法法则$(u+v)^\prime=u^\prime+v^\prime$对上式左边进行展开:
$\alpha y_1' + \beta y_2' + \alpha P(x)y_1 + \beta P(x)y_2 = Q(x)$
将上式进行整理:
$\alpha(y_1'+P(x)y_1) + \beta(y_2'+P(x)y_2) = Q(x)$
把$(1)$式和$(2)$式代入上式可得:
$\alpha Q(x) + \beta Q(x) = Q(x)$
因为$Q(x)\neq 0$,等式两边同时除以$Q(x)$得:
$\alpha + \beta = 1$